双相情感障碍（Bipolar Disorder，BD）是一种复杂的精神疾病，表现为情绪高度波动，包括持续的高能量状态（躁郁症）和低能量状态（抑郁症），儿童中双相情感障碍的发病率随着年龄增长而增加，通常在青春期达到高峰，其病因复杂，可能涉及遗传因素，脑化学失衡，如5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的神经递质平衡失调，脑结构和功能异常，如海马体和前额叶皮层的灰质减少，也可能 contribute to the condition. Environmental factors, such as family instability, economic hardship, and educational challenges, can exacerbate emotional difficulties. Early intervention and comprehensive treatment, including medication and family therapy, are crucial for managing symptoms and improving quality of life. It's important to distinguish BD from other conditions like depression, bipolar-like personality disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, as each has unique characteristics and treatment approaches. 阅读全部